Infrared thermography to diagnose and manage venomous animal bites and stings

Abstract INTRODUCTION Infrared imaging (IR) is a noninvasive technique that quantifies body surface temperature, producing a digital color image. IR has been used to study diseases in which skin temperature can reflect the presence of inflammation. METHODS This was an observational pilot study of eight patients envenomed by snakes, spiders, and scorpions. All patients were examined using a thermal camera. RESULTS In all cases, we obtained infrared images that corroborated clinical findings indicating localized effects of venom, specifically inflammation. CONCLUSIONS IR has potential for use as a research, diagnostic, and monitoring tool for localized effects of animal venoms.

Prevalence and titers of yellow fever virus neutralizing antibodies in previously vaccinated adults

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends one single dose of the Yellow Fever (YF) vaccine based on studies of antibody persistency in healthy adults. We assessed the prevalence and titers of YF virus neutralizing antibodies in previously vaccinated persons aged ≥ 60 years, in comparison to younger adults. We also evaluated the correlation between antibody titers and the time since vaccination among participants who received one vaccine dose, and the seropositivity among participants vaccinated prior to or within the past 10 years. Methods: previously vaccinated healthy persons aged ≥ 18 years were included. YF virus neutralizing antibody titers were determined by means of the 50% Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test. Results: 46 persons aged ≥ 60 years and 48 persons aged 18 to 59 years were enrolled. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of YF virus neutralizing antibodies between the two groups (p = 0.263). However, titers were significantly lower in the elderly (p = 0.022). There was no correlation between YF virus neutralizing antibody titers and the time since vaccination. There was no significant difference in seropositivity among participants vaccinated prior to or within the past 10 years. Conclusions: the clinical relevance of the observed difference in YF virus neutralizing antibody titers between the two groups is not clear.

Accident caused by Centruroides testaceus (DeGeer, 1778) (Scorpiones, Buthidae), native to the Caribbean, in Brazilian airport / Acidente causado por Centruroides testaceus (DeGeer, 1778) (Scorpiones, Buthidae), nativo do Caribe, em aeroporto brasileiro

Describes the case of a 6-year-old girl who was stung by a Centruroides testaceus, a scorpion native to the Lesser Antilles, in the Guarulhos International Airport, São Paulo, Brazil, as she disembarked from a flight coming from the Caribbean. The patient presented only local symptoms (a small area of erythema and pain at the sting site), which were resolved after a few hours with analgesics, without the need for antivenom. Physicians who treat patients stung by scorpions should be alert to the possibility of such accidents being caused by non native species, especially those cases that occur near airports or ports.

Descreve-se um caso de menina de 6 anos de idade picada por um Centruroides testaceus, escorpião nativo das Antilhas, no interior do Aeroporto Internacional de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil, após ter desembarcado de um vôo vindo do Caribe. A paciente apresentou apenas sintomas locais (pequena área de eritema e dor no local da picada), resolvidos em algumas horas com uso de analgésicos, não necessitando receber soro antiveneno. Os médicos que tratam pacientes picados por escorpiões devem estar precavidos quanto à possibilidade dos acidentes serem causados por espécies não-nativas, especialmente nos que ocorrem próximos a aeroportos ou portos.

Comparison of Bothropoides jararaca bites with and without envenoming treated at the Vital Brazil Hospital of the Butantan Institute, State of São Paulo, Brazil / Comparação dos acidentes causados por Bothropoides jararaca com e sem envenenamento atendidos no Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan, Estado de São Paulo

INTRODUCTION: This study analyses the cases of all bites (including dry bites) caused by Bothropoides jararaca attended at the Vital Brazil Hospital of the Butantan Institute, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of patients bitten by Bothropoides jararaca (n=792) from January 1990 to December 2004. The characteristics of the snake specimen, data related to the accident and clinical manifestations on admission were obtained from patient medical records. RESULTS: The majority of the cases in this study were caused by female and juvenile snakes. No stomach contents were found in 93.4 percent of the snake specimens after dissection. No statistical difference was observed between the occurrence of dry bites and the maturity or sex of the snake. The median SVL of snakes in mild and moderate cases was 40.5cm and in severe cases, SVL increased to 99cm. Necrosis was more common in the digits of the feet and hands (4.8 percent) compared to the other body regions (1.8 percent). A significant difference was verified between severity and a time interval greater than six hours from the bite to hospital admission. A significant association was verified between gingival bleeding and abnormal blood coagulability. In accidents caused by adult snakes, necrosis was more frequent (7.2 percent) compared to accidents caused by juvenile snakes (1 percent). CONCLUSIONS: In this work, the association between certain epidemiological data and the evolution of biological parameters in the clinical course of Bothrops sensu latu accidents were highlighted, contributing to the improvement of snake bite assistance.

INTRODUÇÃO: Neste estudo, analisou-se todos os casos de picadas (incluindo picadas secas) causadas por Bothropoides jararaca atendidos no Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram incluídos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan, picados por serpentes da espécie Bothropoides jararaca (nº=792) entre 1990 a 2004. Os dados foram obtidos através de prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, a maioria dos acidentes foi causada por serpentes fêmeas e filhotes. Não havia presença de conteúdo estomacal em 93,4 por cento das serpentes dissecadas. Não houve diferença estatística entre a ocorrência de picada seca e o sexo da serpente. O comprimento rostro cloacal das serpentes nos casos leves e moderados foram 40,5cm e nos casos severos 99cm. Necrose foi mais comum nos dedos dos pés e das mãos (4,8 por cento) em comparação com outras regiões do corpo (1,8 por cento). Houve diferença estatística entre a gravidade e o intervalo de tempo entre a picada e a admissão hospitalar superior a seis horas. Encontramos uma associação significativa entre gengivorragia e incoagulabilidade sanguínea. Nos acidentes causados por serpentes adultas, a necrose foi mais frequente (7,2 por cento) quando comparado aos acidentes causados por serpentes filhotes (1 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, destaca-se a associação entre os dados epidemiológicos e biológicos em relação à evolução do quadro clínico nos acidentes botrópicos, contribuindo para a melhoria da assistência nos acidentes ofídicos.

Manifestações alérgicas aos venenos ofídicos como moléstia ocupacional em herpetologistas / Occupational allergy in herpetologists caused by snake venom

INTRODUÇÃO: Desde 1930, quando o primeiro caso de sensibilização alérgica a um veneno ofídico foi descrito na literatura, os venenos de todas as principais famílias de serpentes têm sido implicados como causadores de reações alérgicas. O desenvolvimento deste tipo de hipersensibilidade tem sido descrito após recorrentes exposições aos venenos através de picadas e, presumivelmente, de repetidas inalações ou contato desses venenos com a pele ou membranas mucosas. Esta condição tem sido observada entre os profissionais que manuseiam as serpentes e/ou os seus venenos. Entretanto, pouco se conhece a respeito da prevalência dessa doença entre esses trabalhadores, seus determinantes, e natureza molecular dos alérgenos envolvidos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência da alergia ao veneno de Bothrops jararaca, apontando os fatores preditores para o seu desenvolvimento, entre trabalhadores expostos à serpente e/ou ao seu veneno, e demonstrar o envolvimento de um mecanismo IgE-mediado neste tipo de doença ocupacional. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e sete herpetologistas de um instituto de pesquisa, expostos à serpente Bothrops jararaca e/ou ao seu veneno, foram submetidos a um questionário e a testes imunológicos, para avaliar a presença de alergia ao veneno. A sensibilização ao veneno foi determinada pela quantificação de anticorpos da classe IgG e IgE, específicos ao veneno de Bothrops jararaca, através dos testes sorológicos ImmunoCAP e ELISA. Os alérgenos foram caracterizados através de Western blotting e de ensaios de inibição do ImmunoCAP. RESULTADOS: Doze dos 67 trabalhadores reportaram sintomas alérgicos variando desde urticária, rinoconjuntivite e asma, até anafilaxia. Sete indivíduos apresentaram anticorpos IgE específicos ao veneno de Bothrops jararaca (prevalência = 10,4%). Destes, seis apresentavam sintomas clássicos de reações alérgicas IgE-mediadas, quando expostos ao veneno botrópico...

BACKGROUND: Allergic sensitization to snake venom was first reported in 1930 and since that time, venoms from the major snake families have been implicated as cause of allergic reactions. The development of hypersensitivity to snake venom has been described after recurrent exposure through bites and, presumably, through repeated inhalations or repeated contact of the venom with skin or mucous membranes. This condition has been observed in amateur and professional snake handlers. However, only limited information is available on the prevalence of the disease among those workers, their determinants and the molecular nature of these allergens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the predictors of snake venom allergy among workers exposed to Bothrops jararaca venom and to demonstrate the involvement of IgE-mediated mechanisms in this occupational disease. METHODS: Sixty seven workers exposed to Bothrops jararaca snakes and/or their venoms in a research institute were assessed for snake venom-related allergy using questionnaires and immunological tests. Presence of snake venom sensitization was determined by quantification of specific IgE and IgG to Bothrops jararaca venom using the UniCAP® system and ELISA. Allergens were characterized by Western blotting and ImmunoCAP inhibition assays. RESULTS: Twelve of the 67 workers experienced symptoms ranging from urticaria, rhinoconjuctivitis and asthma to anaphylaxis. Seven individuals had specific IgE antibodies to Bothrops jararaca snake venom (prevalence = 10,4%). Six of them had typical symptoms of an IgE-mediated allergic reaction when exposed to Bothrops venom. Specific IgG antibodies could also be observed in sensitized individuals. High levels of total IgE (p=0,034), exposure level (p=0,042), handling of dried venom (p=0,014) and personal history of atopy (p=0,051) could be demonstrated as predictors for sensitization...